Critical Review Methods for the detection of polyether ionophore residues in poultry

Coccidiosis and coccidiostats Coccidiosis Drugs used to combat coccidiosis Structure of carboxylic acid ionophores Function of carboxylic acid ionophores Use of carboxylic acid ionophores as coccidiostats Coccidiostat residues and human health Legislative backgrounds to residue testing Analytical methods for ionophore residue detection Screening methods for the detection of ionophores In vitro assays Screening by thin-layer chromatography–bioautography Ionophore residue screening by immunoassay Antibody production Extraction procedures used in immunoassay procedures Sensitivities of immunoassays for ionophores Chemical methods for the detection of ionophores residues HPLC methods Methods requiring derivatisation 9-Anthryldiazomethane (ADAM) derivatisation Aromatic aldehyde derivatisation 1-Bromoacetylpyrene (BAP) derivatives Pyridinium dichromate oxidation Hydrazone derivative Methods requiring no derivatisation HPLC methods: summary Mass spectrometric methods Mass spectrometric methods: summary Pharmacokinetics of ionophores Monensin studies Salinomycin Lasalocid and maduramicin Narasin and semduramicin Summary Current position of ionophore residue testing in European national reference and control laboratories Range of substances monitored Analytical methods utilised Target matrices used for residue surveillance Comments and suggestions from survey References